International Business - 1964 Words

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Name: Dao Bach Van Class: EMBA - 9B. Question No.1: The freedom in the world survey evaluates the state of political rights and civil liberties around the world. Provide a description of this survey and a â€Å" freedom† ranking of the leaders and laggards of the world. What factors does this survey consider when forming the ranking? Answer: 1. General information 1.1.Concept The Freedom in the World survey, which has been published since 1972, is an annual evaluation of the state of freedom in every country in the world. The survey divides freedom into two broad categories: political rights and civil liberties. Political rights allow people†¦show more content†¦ree | |1 |Belgium |Free |11 |Congo (Kinshasa) |Not Free | |1 |Canada |Free |11 |Ethiopia |Not Free | |1 |Cape Verde |Free |11 |Iran |Not Free | |1 |Chile |Free |11 |Zimbabwe |Not Free | |1 |Costa Rica |Free |12 |Belarus |Not Free | |1 |Cyprus |Free |12 |Chad |Not Free | |1 |Czech Republic |Free |12 |China |Not Free | |1 |Denmark |Free |12 |Cà ´te d’Ivoire |Not Free | |1 |Dominica |Free |12 |Cuba |Not Free | |1 |Estonia |Free |12 |Laos |Not Free | |1Show MoreRelatedInternational Business Ventures2671 Words   |  11 PagesInternational Business Ventures Measuring a potential business venture has many aspects which the international manager must be aware of in order to convey the correct information back to the decision makers. Being ignorant to any of the aspects can lead to a false representation of the project, and hence an uninformed decision being passed. In order for a business to survive it must grow. For growth to be optimal, management must first be able to identify the most attractive prospective leadsRead MoreChallenges of International Business Management1037 Words   |  5 PagesCHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT What are the challenges of International Business Management? International business management is a term that is used collectively to describe all commercial transactions which include; †¢ Private †¢ Governmental †¢ Sales †¢ Investments †¢ Transportation The above take place between two or more nations. It involves all business activities which partake in cross border activities of goods, services and resources between nations. PrivateRead MoreInternational Business1578 Words   |  7 PagesInternational business contains all business transactions private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation that happen between two or more regions, nations and countries beyond their political limits. Generally, private companies undertake such transactions for profit governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons. It refers to all those business activities which involve cross border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nationsRead MoreInternational Business And International Marketing1457 Words   |  6 PagesInternational business compares all commercial transactions like private and government, investments and sales and transportation which take place between two or more regions , nations and countries beyond their political boundries.simply international business is exchange of goods and services among business and individual in multiple count ries. International business such as an essential subject for students around the world because international business is vital ingredient in entrepreneurshipRead MoreInfluential Factors of International Business and International Business Environment4145 Words   |  17 PagesA Business Growth and Strategy Project On INFLUENTIAL FACTORS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT By: Ankit D Jethani 6937 Business Environment consist of every factors influential to the business operations. These factors are classified into two broad categories. These are: a) External or UncontrollableRead MoreInternational Business Environment6667 Words   |  27 PagesModule specification INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Code: PGBM04 Credits: 15 Level: Masters FBL, Business School Board: Postgraduate Business Studies Learning Hours: 150 of which 30 CONTACT hours Rationale 1. The international business environment is multi-dimensional, including economic, political, socio-cultural and technological influences. While each can be viewed in specific national settings, increasingly they have become interrelated through processes of globalisation. In particularRead MoreInternational Business5797 Words   |  24 Pagesof world output and world exports accounted for by the United States and other long-established developed nations is unlikely. FALSE 23. (p. 21) A current trend in international business is the growth of medium-sized and small multinationals, known as mini-multinationals. TRUE 24. (p. 22) Today, the risks involved in doing business in countries such as Russia are low, but so are the returns. FALSE 25. (p. 23) If the free market reforms in China continue for two more decades, China may move fromRead MoreInternational Trade As A Tool For International Business1707 Words   |  7 Pagesfourteen asks some very important questions regarding international trade as SME and MNE evolve globally due to technology. Therefore as international business continues to evolve companies are find easier ways to find importers and exporters from the comfort of their offices without the costly methods of travel and due diligences trying to find reputable companies to handle their needs. Using a variety of sources I will analyze international trade through the use of websites and go into detail aboutRead MoreBusiness Administration International Business Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesBUSINESS ADMINISTRATION amp; INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS In the literal meaning, Business refers to an organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. Business Administration has over the years taken the form of a formal field of knowledge, besides engineering medical and even closely-related Economics. In the 20th century, with the development and growth of business schools in America and Europe, the dynamics of business administration changed. With more research conductedRead MoreThe Problem Of International Business842 Words   |  4 Pages International business c Trade occurring between one or more countries worldwide. Balance of trade Difference in value of a countries imported and exported goods. Balance of payments Also known as BOP, is the monitoring of all international money transactions during specific times. Global dependency The dependency of one nation to another. Competitive advantage The advantage a company has over its competitors, allowing them to achieve greater

Benefits of Social Networking Sites Essay - 1226 Words

Throughout life, men, women, and youth meet people. These people will either leave a negative or positive effect on us and some will only be in our lives for a short period of time. However, once we start to lose contact with them questions arise and we begin to wonder: What does he/she look like now? ; Where has he/she been? ; How has he/she been? ; Why did we stop talking to one another? ; or what would our relationship be like if I had kept in contact with him/her? Well there is no need to wonder anymore. Ever since the invention of social networking tools, such as, Facebook, MySpace, AIM, Blackberry Messenger (BBM), Twitter, and Formspring, millions of people have been able to instantly notify others concerning their whereabouts,†¦show more content†¦Whereas Prodigy and CompuServe used various different sites to gain access to all of the different features, Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter have combined them all into one. In 2002, the â€Å"idea† layout of what a social networking site should resemble was introduced. It came to be known as Friendster. Friendster is a â€Å"social networking tool that was created to â€Å"help you stay connected with everything that matters to you most: friends, family, and fun! (Friendster.com)† When logging into Friendster you see seven tabs. They are as follows: 1) home, 2) profile, 3) friends, 4) photos, 5) gifts, 6) classifieds, and 7) fun. Although this website laid the foundation for today’s social networking sites, it came out before the market was able to develop and did not receive a lot of attention. With a whopping 450 million users of social networking sites in 2010, Facebook, MySpace, and the various other sites have managed to offer the same basic features as Friendster but in a different package that many people have come to love. A social networking site (SNS) is defined as â€Å"a web based service allowing individuals to 1) construct a public or semi public profile with a bounded system, 2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and 3) view and transverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system (Boyd Ellison, 2007).† However, to many people social networking sites are seen as the next best thing toShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Social Networking Sites3095 Words   |  13 PagesSocial Networks have become a very popular platform for people to communicate and stay in touch with their family, friends and connect with long lost loved ones from around the world. Not just for informal communication, social networks is also used as professional networking tool for job hunting, increasing sales revenue, marketing campaigns, keeping public informed of safety, health, political campaigns and other social issues. It has become another medium for news and entertainment and definitelyRead MoreSocial Networking Sites Bring More Benefits Than Harms.843 Words   |  4 PagesNowadays, social networking sites are very popular among people all around the world especially teenagers. In fact, social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace and Twitter are names which are quite familiar to anyone of us. Furthermore, many of us make use of these social networking sites to stay in touch with our family and friends. This is because that these sites are cheap, fast and easy to access. However, the parents often feel worry for letting their teens use these social networking sitesRead MoreSocial Networking Sites Provide More Benefits than Problems Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesVarious social networking services have achieved enormous success at the first decade of the 21st century. Up to 2010, more than 500 million users globally have been regularly using Facebook (Kirkpatrick, 2010, 2). A social networking site is defined as an online platform where socially related users can communicate and share information with each other, such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and Renren. Howevertheir success did not come without a price. It has long been a question that whether theseRead MoreSocial Networking Sites Have Brought More Problems Than Benefits to Society.983 Words   |  4 PagesSocial networking sites are a new revolution that deserves our attention, as we ourselves are part of this revolution. Social networking is an umbrella term that refers to the various activities that integrate technology, social interaction, and construction of words, pictures, audio and videos. Simply put, social networking is about the million of conversations that take place all over the world on social networking sites, which includes Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, online forums, etc. ProponentsRead More Social Networks Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesFox 2009, Pg 247). With the introduction of social networking sites such as Facebook, My Space, T witter and various smaller community based social networking sites it has made the ability of communicating so easy and accessible that people are able to sit in one place and know about what is going on somewhere else in the world related to your friend / group / community network (Nair 2009, Pg 52). This essay will focus on how social networking sites play an integral part of everyday communicationRead MoreControversial Issues essay about Social Networking2034 Words   |  6 PagesThe Benefits of Social Networking Abstract In the following essay, the benefits and consequences of social networking are explained and the different uses of social media are revealed. Websites, such as Facebook, have grown so popular that they have been created into mobile apps for individuals to use when he or she is unable to access a computer. With the significant increase in the number of its users, social networking has become a universal activity with its positive effects outweighing itsRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Social Networking Intro Over half of the world uses the internet. 2.2 billion people actively use any kind of social networking. There were 176 million new users of social media just last year (Regan 1). With the influence of so many people a pressing question: Is the impact of social media harmful or beneficial in its effects? Social networking is one of the biggest reports of online traffic. So, if so many people are using these networking sites, what are the effects on us? The â€Å"first†Read MoreSocial Networking Services Success Essay examples1026 Words   |  5 PagesVarious social networking services have achieved enormous success at the first decade of the 21st century. Up to 2010, more than 500 million users globally have been regularly using Facebook (Kirkpatrick, 2010, 2). For this purpose in this essay, social networking site is defined as an online platform where socially related users can communicate and share information with each other, such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and Renren. It has long been a question that whether these services brought moreRead MoreEssay on Social Networking Sites: Beneficial to Society1451 Words   |  6 PagesSocial networking sites are great for society, promoting increased communication and connection between hundreds of millions of people throughout the world. While some people do argue that the dangers of online networking far outweigh the benefits, it is clear that this is not the case; rather i t is the other way around. Online social networking can be broadly defined as any website or other type of online communication that allows people to interact with each other. Blogging, or keeping an onlineRead MoreEssay about The Role of Social Media in American Society 1127 Words   |  5 PagesWhen analyzing the role of social media in American society, several questions come to mind. What is social media and are these social media and networking sites helpful to the people of America; can these sites be used to enhance or do they intrude in the relationships people have with others, and can they be integrated into their daily lives successfully. As the world becomes more and more technology friendly, the internet has transformed into a place that nearly everyone can go to get away. With

Self-Hatred Free Essays

Self-Hatred â€Å"If you had a person in your life treating you the way you treat yourself, you would have gotten rid of them a long time ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  states Cheri Huber. Self-hatred is one of the most detrimental emotions one can harbor. It is defined as a great and overwhelming dislike and aversion to oneself. We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Hatred or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once one starts to accept those feelings, they are headed down a dark path. One way that they are pushed even further down that path is when it is verbally secured by another person, causing the hating person to feel even worse. This is similarly mixed with the emotion of self-anger, but it is very different. Anger is an emotion defined as a feeling of displeasure. Self-hatred is so much more than that. It affects our brain permanently; while anger is just temporary as well as the fact that it is much more likely to affect the way we treat and look at ourselves as a whole. Not only is it dangerous to one’s health, it is dangerous to the well-being of others. This has everything to do with being self-destructive. Self-image moderates behavior. But why do people do it and how do they cope with this awful emotion of self-hatred? Studies have shown that one major method of coping with self-hatred is eating disorders. Anorexia Nervosa is one that affects many more people than we are even aware of. A study conducted through the Coordinated Evaluation and Research at Specialized Units for Eating Disorders project that proved â€Å"interpersonal factors are increasingly in focus on eating disorders†, showing that 79 out of the 114 patients suffering from anorexia nervosa had a self-hatred issue, or a problem with self-esteem. Since self-image affects body image and moderates behavior, one little alteration of reality in the mind can cause one to start to despise themself. If one was being teased at school for example, called fat or ugly, it is proven that even if those people don’t mean anything to us and are just a passer-by, it alters something in our brains. Some of us are able to just â€Å"shake it off†, but it still makes us stop and think â€Å"what if they were right†? It causes us to stop and think for a moment and re-check ourselves. This is why those who do not have the self-esteem or confidence may be truly hurt and damaged by this comment. This could result in anorexia. Anorexia Nervosa is defined as an eating disorder mainly affecting teenage girls and women in which there is a fear of becoming overweight, a distorted body image, and excessive dieting. This happens because of self-hatred. They are not pleased with the way they look, so they go to extremes to try and find happiness with their bodies and maintain that happiness. This is very negative and harmful to their bodies as well as their self-esteem. This can cause many heart and liver problems as well as deteriorating their family life. Self-hatred is the causation of many family issues. The bible states that we should â€Å"love your neighbor as yourself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Well how is that supposed to happen when one doesn’t love themselves? The article by Michael Sobocinski states that â€Å"when self-hatred occurs, it is difficult to focus on anyone other than oneself because there is so much emotion wasted on hatred†¦ † When hatred for yourself or others takes over heart, it is very difficult to maintain healthy relationships and love in any capacity. Family members or friends may extend a hand of help or comfort but those under the heavy heart of hatred will feel unworthy of the love, making the hatred of themselves just grow deeper than before. It is a never-ending cycle of awful feelings. This could also lead to self-mutilation or suicidal thoughts. Self-mutilation is again a result of the self-hatred one feels and it relieves the stress and pressure of trying to act â€Å"perfect†. When a person feels like they may never measure up to any standards set by those they used to care about, a hopeless feeling sets around them. â€Å"Why am I even trying? and â€Å"They don’t really care about me† are two thoughts that may enter this persons mind. As a result, this person completely shuts off the outside world and may start cutting or experimenting with drugs. The result of this experimenting can be permanent brain damage or even extreme blood loss, affecting not only the heart, but other major organs as well. Healthy body is key in the recovery of a sick person. Once they have decided that their personal health is not worth maintaining, they have decided that they are beyond saving, or that they don’t care enough about their body because they are not worth it. This is when one enters the mindset of a suicidal being. Suicide can be defined as the intentional taking of one’s life. This is when the person has gone beyond help and is not able to even listen to reason. When the person in question has started having suicidal thoughts, they will not cease experimental methods until something they wish be done is accomplished. â€Å"I wanted to kill the â€Å"me† underneath. That fact haunted my days and nights. When you realize you hate yourself so much, when you realize that you cannot stand who you are, and this deep spite has been the otivation behind your behavior for many years, your brain can’t quite deal with it. It will try very hard to avoid that realization; it will try, in a last-ditch effort to keep your remaining parts alive, to remake the rest of you. This is, I believe, different from the suicidal wish of those who are in so much pain that death feels like relief, different from the suicide I would later attem pt, trying to escape that pain. This is a wish to murder yourself; the connotation of kill is too mild. This is a belief that you deserve slow torture, violent death. † -Marya Hornbacher These people have such a feeling of hatred that they don’t believe they deserve even the right to live. They believe that not only are they doing themselves a favor, they’re doing the rest of society a favor. This is when help is needed desperately. Whether it be serious help, or the actual process of partaking in the most awful act of self-hatred, something will succeed. If they are not caught before they have a chance to take their life, then they will be lost. The number of suicides due to self-hatred has increased tremendously in the United States over the past ten years. There is now more pressure to look like the models on TV, or else one faces criticism. This is unfair to society because most pictures on the internet or in magazines are photo shopped. How is someone supposed to look like a person that doesn’t even exist? They’re not. And that is what most people do not understand in our society. One of the main reasons why self-hatred occurs is because it is placed in our minds by those around us. Nobody grows up and thinks to them, â€Å"I am going to hate what I look like and who I am†. It is placed in the minds of unconfident people by their surroundings and this is why they sometimes go down the path of destruction and ignorance. Not only is it the media’s fault that this is an issue, but it can also be the doing of people we hold close to our hearts such as family members, friends, or significant others. Family may impact this when a child is born into an abusive home, or into one where the mother and father loath each other. The child expects that the reason for this is themself, so they grow up believing they are the cause of misery, especially if they are whom the parents are arguing about. This small and fairly insignificant argument can turn into the child feeling neglected or feeling that they are a burden to their parents. This involves self-hatred and causes the child to feel unworthy of love in any capacity, leading to problems in school, parent relationships, and future relationships for the child. In an abusive or cheating relationship, the loyal person may believe that they pushed their â€Å"significant other† into the arms of another human being. This causes the feelings of â€Å"I’m not good enough† or â€Å"I don’t do enough for that person if they have to run to someone else†. This can cause anxiety in the relationship in general. If the cheater or abuser is looking to pass the blame, they may claim that the loyal person was not good enough and use those already-implanted-feelings to make the loyal feel responsible. Since those feelings were already there to begin with, it is just securing what that person already thinks. Since they are hearing it spoken to them and not just thinking it to themselves, it may affect them harder than before. This causes the person involved to feel incompetent and unworthy of any other good relationship or good human being because they feel as if they may â€Å"push† the new partner away as well, if that is still their line of thinking. Although there are different studies out about self-hatred and the effects and causations of it, no one person can actually say what it is like to be in that particular situation. Researchers can study and observe as much they please, but unless one has actually taken part in the deteriorating mindset of the self-hater, it is just research. Even having been placed in that particular situation a couple of years ago after a sexual assault, I cannot stand and say I know what every self-hater is feeling. Because there is so much diversity, I can only understand particular circumstances. One emotion that used to be very easy to relate to, however, was the feelings of hopelessness. In a situation where one does not have control, they feel weak. They feel beat into the ground and feel like they should just curl up in a hole; feelings of uselessness and unworthiness. They do not feel worthy of love, though the predicament was not their doing. They feel as if they failed those around them; as if those family and friends would look down upon them or see them as dirty if they came out with their secret of abuse or self-hatred. That is why self-hatred is such a giant deal in our society; because no person wants to admit they have feelings like such. When those people do not admit it and seek help, it builds inside. It builds to be so much pressure that one feels helpless to the hate or depression. This is why so many suicides occur in our country; it’s because those helpless people are not being sought out and brought to the light. Self-hatred is both one of the biggest and well-kept ecrets in our society. It is such a major issue with thousands of people, but it is not a topic many feel comfortable discussing. It needs to be talked about and those people need to know that help is out there. Bullying in our country needs to be decreased so that these self-conscious people have a chance to live a happy life. The bible s tates â€Å"love your neighbor as yourself for the love of Me†. This means that no matter what the diversity between people, everyone deserves to be happy and healthy. No person is deserving of a heavy, self-hating emotion. These emotions need be ceased and brought into the light. How to cite Self-Hatred, Papers

Characteristics of an Aquarius Essay Example For Students

Characteristics of an Aquarius Essay People all over the world have both good and bad character traits that different from others. Most people do not like to be criticized by others. We must admit that we all have both bad and good traits, and we also like ourselves as we are. If people do not love even a part of themselves, then they are practically dead. In this essay I am going to write about myself, such as my good character traits and also my bad character trait. I was born under the sigh Aquarius, and I believe I have some of the characteristics of people born under this sigh. One example of a good trait of an Aquarius that I have is well-spoken. I think I am usually a well-spoken person. For instance, I like to use my speech to communicate and please my friend because when I can make my friend happy, so I also feel happy too. This character can also help me to be easy to adapt to the new environment, for example, when I attend to the new class at academic education I can make many new friends in a few days, and can join all the activities with all the students in the class like working in team, discussion, and others activities very well. It is all because I am a well-spoken person. Another one example of Aquarius character trait that I have is loyal. I think I am a loyal person. I do not like to let a lot of people get really close, but I am sure that I have never betrayed or lay my friend or people that I know even if only one time. Also Once I do, it always turns into a long-term commitment. And whether I am talking about friendships or relationships, it’s no secret because I love the world with no secret. I am not the easiest one to impress, but I am always a loyal person that full of committed companion to cherish. Finally, like anyone Aquarius, I have some bad traits too. Stubborn is one of the bad character trait of Aquarians, and I think I am stubborn too. For instance I sometimes give a patient ear to others, but at the same time, it not easy to convince me to change my points of view, or my opinions. Also, I always protect my ideas from the others and I also never change my mind easily too. So sometime I make mistake because I do not listen to others ideas. It is my weakness, but I think it is not important. In conclusion, I very proud to be an Aquarius. My character traits such as well-spoken and loyalty make my feel comfortable and enjoy living in this beautiful world. My goal is on the way to be a teacher. Because my work is teach student to be a good human resource, and other one reason is I want to work as an independent worker, I think I will succeed my goal someday in my future. It is my wish.

Evolution of Homo Erectus Essay Example

Evolution of Homo Erectus Essay Homo erectus (meaning â€Å"upright men,† homo means men and Erectus/erect means upright.) is an extinct species of hominid and were assumed to live around seventy thousand to 1.9 million years ago. Homo erectus have thought to be originated from Africa and later migrated to South East Asia (Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and China). Homo erectus were the most technological advanced of the species in their time. This advantage accompanied with the knowledge of how the world worked gave them an advantage over their competitor (Homo Neanderthal) which later caused the extinction of Homo Neanderthal. Homo erectus was an important aspect of human evolution as it was the first species that showed physical features like brain size and the cranium size similar to Homo sapiens (a huge aspect when trying to understand the intelligence of an animal, bigger cranium/skull would suggest larger brain which would mean that; that species was smart and able to do critical thinking in order to su rvive). All these steps/events suggest that Homo sapiens must have been an evolved form of Homo erectus. The origin of Homo erectus dates back roughly 1.9 million years ago. It was the first species ever to migrate vast distances (first species of hominin to migrate outside of Africa to Southeast Asia). This is known because many sites bearing  Homo erectus  fossils found in Southeast Asia date to an earlier date than the fossils found in Africa, this suggests that Homo erectus must have migrated from Africa to South East Asia at some stage of their lives for some unknown reason. One of the reason could be that because the species of Homo erectus was capable of doing great things such as understand the world around them and use that as an advantage, their population increased by vast amounts which forced some of them to migrate to other places. One of the main reasons Homo erectus were successful at settling outside of Africa was due to their technological advance We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Homo Erectus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Homo Erectus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Homo Erectus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

How Economists Define the Revelation Principle

How Economists Define the Revelation Principle The revelation principle  of economics is that truth-telling, direct revelation mechanisms can generally be designed to achieve the Bayesian Nash equilibrium outcome of other mechanisms; this can be proven in a large category of mechanism design cases. Put into other words, the revelation principle holds that there is a payoff-equivalent revelation mechanism that possesses an equilibrium in which players truthfully report their types to any Bayesian game. Game Theory: Bayesian Games and Nash Equilibrium A Bayesian game has the most relevance in the study of economic game theory, which is essentially the study of strategic decision-making. A Bayesian game in one in which the information about the characteristics of the players, otherwise known as the players payoffs, is incomplete. This incompleteness of information means that in a Bayesian game, at least one of the players is uncertain of the type of another player or players. In a non-Bayesian game, a strategic model is considered an if every strategy in that profile is the best response or the strategy that produces the most favorable outcome, to every other strategy in the profile. Or in other words, a strategic model is considered a Nash equilibrium if there exists no other strategy that a player could employ that would produce a better payoff given all the strategies are chosen by the other players. A Bayesian Nash equilibrium, then, extends the principles of the Nash equilibrium to the context of a Bayesian game which has incomplete information. In a Bayesian game, Bayesian Nash equilibrium is found when each type of player employs a strategy that maximizes the expected payoff given the actions of all the types of other players and that players beliefs about the types of the other players. Lets see how the revelation principle plays into these concepts. Revelation Principle in Bayesian Modelling The revelation principle is relevant to a modeling (that is, theoretical) context when there exists: two players (usually firms)a third party (usually the government) managing a mechanism to achieve a desirable social outcomeincomplete information (in particular, the players have types that are hidden from the other player and from the government) Generally, a direct revelation mechanism (in which telling the truth is a Nash equilibrium outcome) can be proven to exist and be equivalent to any other mechanism available to the government. In this context, a direct revelation mechanism is one in which the strategies are just the types a player can reveal about himself. And is it the fact that this outcome can exist and be equivalent to other mechanisms that comprise  the revelation principle. The revelation principle is used most often to prove something about the whole class of mechanism equilibria, by selecting the simple direct revelation mechanism, proving a result about that, and applying the revelation principle to assert that the result is true for all mechanisms in that context.

Assignment 2 PSA test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assignment 2 PSA test - Essay Example Prostate-specific antigen exists in small amounts in the serum of people with fit prostates but is frequently elevated in the existence of prostate cancer or other prostate turmoil. Though serum, prostate-specific antigen, measurement is frequently applied in prostate cancer screening. Its cost is controversial (Craig 23). The Prostate Cancer Research Foundation of Canada (PCRFC) does not advocate for its regular use by healthy men. The PCRFC found that PSA-based prostate cancer screening show small or missing reductions in prostate-cancer–specific deaths, and is linked to overtreatment and over diagnosis. This paper will discuss prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test in Canada and determine the level of the test’s use in prostate cancer screening. It will discuss whether the procedure is cost effective and estimate how much money is wasted in the procedure. Finally, it will discuss alternative procedures that are cost effective to the consumers. The prostate-specific antigen test determines the blood level of PSA, enzyme formed by the prostate. Prostate-specific antigen is a serine protease comparable to kallikrein-3. Its function is to liquefy gelatinous semen once ejaculation is carried out, permitting spermatozoa to steer through the uterine cervix. Prostate-specific antigen testing is contentious and may bring unnecessary and damaging effects in some patients. Ever since PSA screening was initiated in Canada, more than a million men in the country have been diagnosed and cured of prostate cancer (Pickles 4). It has been projected that the vast majority, more than 90% of men, get no benefit from this diagnosis. Even though a person makes a positive assumption regarding the advantage of screening, less than 10% of men getting a positive diagnosis receive any benefit at all from it. Positive assumption refers to the entire decline in prostate cancer deaths witnessed since the opening of PSA testing. Other studies,

What people addicted to TV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What people addicted to TV - Essay Example In effect, these actions often lead to excessive cravings regardless of their nature. In this case, the activities can be physical and not physical. One such activity is the addiction that people have to the television. Gradually, the suggestion that the television set can be addictive is increasingly becoming true with various studies suggesting various reasons that make televisions addictive. In view of the foregoing, this expose addresses the various reasons that make the television addictive. TV addiction can affect any person in the society despite their age, position in the society, and their background. In this regard, parents will tend to complain of their child’s addiction to the television while also worrying about their own addiction to the television. As an emphasis to the level of addiction, the grip of the television extends even to researchers who study people’s addiction to the set. In this case, a researcher from the University of California, who devoted his life studying the television, observed that he watched the television even in incidents that required concentration (Kubey and Csikszentmihalyi). In effect, this indicates that a person is at a risk of addiction to the television despite their age and position in society. In an experiment conducted by Kubey and Csikszentmihalyi, the findings indicated that people who watched the television appeared relaxed and passive when watching the television. In addition, the experiment discovered that turning off the television set contributed to the loss of the feeling of relaxation while the state of being passive continued. A previous study, which used electroencephalograph (EER), supports these findings by indicating that people who watched the television showed less mental simulation unlike those who were reading (Kubey and Csikszentmihalyi). Naturally, it is obvious that a human being will tend to engage in an activity that contributed to relaxation. In addition, it is evident

Cultural Effects on the Leadership Styles - America and India Research Paper

Cultural Effects on the Leadership Styles - America and India - Research Paper Example Examples of eminent leaders from UAS and India have been cited to explain the nature of the leadership style better. Lastly the universal leadership traits or qualities have been listed and explained in order to evaluate the global culture that works when it comes to selection of a leader. Table of Contents Overview of National Culture - USA and India 4 Effect of National Culture on Leadership Style 5 Effect of National Culture on Followership 6 Leadership Styles in USA and India 7 Universal Aspects of Leadership 8 Conclusion 9 References 10 Overview of National Culture - USA and India The study aims at throwing light on the cross-cultural effects of USA and India on their leadership styles. It is evident that culture affects the human resource practices and even followership and leadership styles of the leaders or managers in organization. The organizations sometime do have a glimpse of their national culture, which also includes the employees and the leaders. So the study would beg in with an overview of the national cultures of USA and India. Both of these countries have a very different cultural background, so a striking contrast could be seen during the comparison. Further, the effect of these cultures on the leadership style and fellowship would be evaluated and a comparison would be drawn. The various leadership styles prevalent in both these countries would be discussed and a few universal aspects in culture and leadership would also be stated to highlight the similarities too. This would be concluded by a short summary of the learning in the study. USA has a western culture, which is influenced from the native culture of America. English is the major language spoken in the country, including other languages such as Spanish, etc. Americans are mostly Christians and visit churches regularly, but they have the freedom to follow any religion of their choice. In terms of education, the Asians are the maximum who visit US for higher studies. The USA had seen the world’s greatest writers such as Mark Twain. The country celebrates the traditional American holidays. The majority of people in America fall under the middle class and the societies here are fragmented based on income, occupation, status, age, etc. The families are mainly nuclear or very small; joint families do not exist. Being one of most developed countries, it is technologically well-equipped (Luedtke, 1992, p. 145-147). India is a land of culture, religion, beliefs, traditions, arts, ceremonies, food, music, dance, etc. It is a place was diverse cultures meet and stay together in harmony. Spirituality and religious beliefs are very important in India. Hinduism is the major religion followed in the country, including many others. In India joint families play a significant role, though small and nuclear families are also there. The tradition of the country is to welcome guests with folded hands. The country celebrates various festivals based on their cultural norms, a s there are many different cultural norms even among Hindus. The country has 28-29 states, the language and culture is different in all these states.

Analysis Of Mills Harm Principle

Analysis Of Mills Harm Principle In 1993, Canadian farmer Robert Latimer killed his extremely disabled child by putting her in his truck and running a pipe from his exhaust into the cab. Latimer fully admitted his guilt and claimed that, by killing her, he freed her from her chronic pain due to her severe form of cerebral palsy. His daughter was a full quadriplegic and required numerous surgeries to maintain her quality of life. She could not feed herself and was in constant pain despite painkillers she was given. Despite her condition, she was able to sporadically smile and respond to some stimuli. Later in the year, Latimer was convicted of first-degree murder. A year following this, his sentence was lowered to second-degree murder. Latimer, through many different trials and appeal processes was eventually released in 2008 as he was not deemed a danger to society. His case brought up many questions in regards to the law such as euthanasia, mercy killing and how it would affect other mandatory sentences for murder. The case itself calls to attention an argument made by philosopher John Stuart Mill relating to harm and liberty. He brings to light his harm principle and draws attention as to what liberty should be. In this essay, Mills argument for the harm principle will be explained and evaluated. Firstly, the harm principle needs to be analyzed as well as Mills argument for it. His essay titled On Liberty discusses civil and societal rights. His concern is mainly to do with the right to use methods of control on another person. He believes that the right to control another individual can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others (Mill, 1). Essentially, Mill is saying that liberty should not be restricted unless it is to prevent harm to other people. He furthers this argument with saying of over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign (Mill, 1). Here, he claims that individuals can essentially do anything to themselves as authority has no say in what they do to themselves. It is from this phrase that Mill states individuals have the liberty to think and have their own opinions, thoughts, and beliefs regardless if it applies to minority groups or the majority of society. Mill also states with this comment that he believes that individuals should have the right to pursue their thoughts, beliefs, and ideas regardless of how society views it so long as no harm is done to others. He declares that his harm principle and push for personal freedom over societal rule would be beneficial to society as a whole. He explains this by saying that individuals would be happier (Mill, 1) and would feel less oppressed. He further explains this by saying that since individuals would be pursuing their passions, society would spend less time controlling people and enforcing rules. Mill explains that that his doctrine is only meant only to apply to people in the maturity of their faculties (Mill, 1). He is saying here that his set of guidelines cannot apply to people who are not involved members of society and are outside a set of principles he applies to a civilized society (Mill, 1). Civilized society consists of people who can engage in their own interests, skills, and capabilities but also have had access to an education. He believes that through personal reflection and freedom, an individual will gain a higher level of power to understand his or her surroundings. However, without access to that educational systems and a developed society, individuals will not reach their potential for personal reflection. Mill explains that people who are dependant of others, like children or the mentally challenged, must protected from themselves as they are not capable of maintaining the state of personal reflection Mill requires. He also states the concept of a civilized society much be maintained in order for individual liberty and the harm principle to be effective for society. He explains that freedom of expression and thought is key t o avoid social stagnation and that with individuality comes progress. Next, analysis of Mills argument will be done. He brings up some solid points regarding societal progress due to individuality and thought development. Essentially, Mill claims that individuals learn from their mistakes and it is through this that personal development occurs. Unfortunately, his essay On liberty has gaps in which he is too vague on the limits of liberty. He also is much too vague on his definition of harm. This is due to the fact that he places way too much importance on individual freedoms to maximize happiness and understanding. He does not take into consideration that personal choices regarding an individual can sometimes be harmful to others. The argument of paternalism is a good example of this. Seat belt laws dictate that individuals must wear their belts regardless that they want to or not. The laws are in place in the name of the protection of the individual. With Mills argument, he claims that seat belt laws would be an infringement on personal happiness and freedom, regardless of the possibility of injury in an accident. Thus, he does not properly address the issue of an individual making poor choices. To conclude, the case of Robert Latimer was discussed and the momentous exception in law that was done. Through this, the Principle of Harm by John Stuart Mill was explored through its definition in regards to liberty and its link to personal freedom. Also explored was the only circumstance in which Mill believes freedom can be limited: to protect others from harm. Lastly, objections to Mill argument were brought up such as his vagueness in his explanations of liberty and harm as well as its tie to bad personal choices.

The Donora Death Fog :: Air Pollution Environmental Issues Essays

The Donora Death Fog â€Å"D-Town!† Back home in Canonsburg, a small suburb outside of Pittsburgh, this is how we refer to Donora. We joke that the only thing in Donora is the roller skating rink, but even this is inaccessible to anyone who’s not a D-town native because when you are at the age to want to go roller skating you aren’t brave enough to enter into the Donora city limits. Only dedicated roller-skaters are brave enough to dare the elements of Donora. Of course, one, particularly a girl, would never think of going to Donora alone. But for me, I was never really that scared of Donora because my grandparents live nearby and we used to have dinner at the Ponderosa that has since closed. But, I never missed the opportunity to poke fun at that â€Å"rough† territory. Recently, I drove through D-town. The shops are boarded up. There’s graffiti everywhere. In addition to the roller rink there are a few bars and decrepit restaurants. I always assumed that it was the gi gantic Wal-mart that had caused this once thriving town to fall to shambles. But, this town, as I recently learned, was the site of the â€Å"worst recorded industrial air pollution accident in US history† (The Donora Fluoride Fog). This disaster intrigued me, so I decided to do some research regarding what happened. My investigation first led me to find that twenty people died from October 26-31, 1948 (Pennsylvania DEP). According to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation website, the town population was about 14,000 at the time of the disaster. Devastatingly, about half-7,000-of those people became ill or hospitalized. My investigation led me to discover that this disaster was â€Å"created by unchecked industrial emissions and stagnant air conditions† (Donora’s Killer Smog Noted at 50). These conditions led to a smog fog hanging around the area. The American Steel & Wire Co., a subsidiary of the US Steel Group, was the local plant responsible for producing these emissions and conditions. It is also widely accepted that the weather conditions were prominent in producing the disaster. In October of 1998, spokespeople for the industry agreed that the disaster was unfortunate and tragic, but did not fail to note that, at the time of the disaster, clean air acts did not exist. If any good could come from this disaster it was the funding for research about clean air and the eventual passing of clean air acts and legislation.

Personality Psychology †Sojourner Truth Essay

Sojourner Truth (c.1797 – 26 November 1883) Sojourner Truth dedicated her life to fighting slavery, and advocating equal rights for women. She first began speaking in 1827, giving personal testimony of the evils and cruelty of slavery; and later as a staunch supporter of suffrage, also advocated for equal rights for women. At the 1851 Women’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, she delivered her speech â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman† which is now revered among classic text of feminism. She lived her life in the water-shed years of American abolition of slavery and became a leader and recognized as an icon for equality of rights and freedom. At birth, Truth was named Isabella and was a slave for the first twenty-eight years of her life because she was a child born by slaves. In 1826, Truth began life as a free woman; but only after eighteen years – in 1843 at the age of forty-six years, she rename herself, â€Å"Sojourner Truth is my name, because from this day I will walk in the light of His truth.† (p. 77). The moment of naming herself marked Truth’s cognitive freedom from her enslaved past. Neo-Analytic Approach to Personality The neo-analytic approach to personality asseverate that the individual’s sense of self as the core of personality; holding that the self â€Å"struggles to cope with emotions and drives on the inside and the demands of others on the outside† (Friedman & Schustack, 2011); that human nature is positive and goal-oriented; that society and culture shapes personality; and that development continues throughout lifespan. For the analysis of Sojourner Truth’s personality, the concepts of neo-analytical theorist Alfred Adler are selected for the purpose. Adler’s Concept of Humanity Feist & Feist (2006) described Adler’s concept of humanity as that people are self-determinant, and their unique personalities are shaped by how they interpret their lives and experiences. People are ultimately responsible for their own personalities and possess the creative power to transform feelings of inadequacy towards a final goal of either personal superiority or goal of success for society. i. Striving for superiority or success Adler believed that the central core of personality is the striving for superiority towards a final goal. The final goal – while fictional and has no objective existence – unifies personality and renders all behaviour comprehensible. According to Feist & Feist (2006), Adler posit that feelings of inferiority motivate a person to strive for either a self-centered (selfish) goal of superiority, or an altruistic goal of success for all humans. The final goal compensates and reduces feelings of inferiority and weakness, and drives the individual to seek either superiority or success. Truth was a slave for twenty-eight years. During her enslavement, she was abused and treated as chattel or property. Her slave-masters dictated and hold sway her life. Her enslavement caused Truth to feel inferior – but yet her reaction to those feelings of inferiority was to strived for a goal for success (for society). Throughout her life as a free woman, Sojourner Truth devoted herself to fight against slavery and for equal rights for all. During the American Civil War, Truth risked her life to gather and deliver supplies to black volunteer regiments; and was continually involved in various political causes. With the National Freedman’s Relief Association she continued to strive to better conditions and lives for all African Americans – of which her last campaign (sadly unsuccessful) was a land distribution programme for former slaves. ii. Social Interest Adler (1956) state that those who strive for success (instead of self-centered superiority) possess a â€Å"sense of personal worth that is tied closely to their contributions to human society. Social progress is more important to them than personal credit† † (Feist & Feist, 2006, p.72). Truth transcended her oppressed past; turned out to be a healthy individual who was motivated without personal gain to help others to â€Å"seek success for all humanity† (Feist & Feist, 2006). She was not motivated by personal gain. iii. Fictionlism / People’s behaviour and personality is shaped by their subjective perceptions. Adlerian approach maintains that that people are motivated by their subjective perceptions of what is true, and not by what is true. Their subjective perceptions of reality (i.e. fictions) influence them as if were reality. According to Feist & Feist (2006), fictions, regardless true or false, are powerful influence on people’s life. An example of a fiction is the belief in an omnipotent God that guides and helps shape many people’s lives and actions. This is clearly demonstrated in Truth’s life. Sojourner Truth’s parents taught her to believe in God, and that â€Å"God is always with her and she is never alone† (McKissack & McKissack, 1992, p.22). Throughout her life, she held this belief in an omnipotent God, and it was her source of solace (especially during her enslavement), and later – guide her in decision-making and actions. Truth believed that God was her true master. After eighteen years as a free woman, a chance encounter became the tipping point of her self-realisation. A woman asked for her name and upon that very moment Truth realized that all her life she had her slave-masters’ names and thereby declared, â€Å"The only master I have now is God and His name is Truth.† And gave herself the last name Truth (McKissack & McKissack, 1992, p.77). Truth maintained a practice of meditation and deep prayer through which she claimed God communicates with her. In her public speaking,she usually began with a declaration of her spiritual link, â€Å"Well, Children, I speaks to God and God speaks to me†¦I talks to God and God talks to me.† (McKissack & McKissack, 1992, p.82 and 117). Truth sought spiritual guidance during stressful times. For example when she had recently only left her former slave-master Dumont, she was intimidated by threats to her children to return to Dumont’s farm. After the incident she shared â€Å"Jesus stopped me† and that she experienced a powerful force that turned her around when she tried to go back to the Dumont farm. Truth held that the event was a profound meaningful spiritual experience that convinced her that she was never going back to enslavement (McKissack & McKissack, 1992, p.41). Another example of Truth’s staunch belief that God was on her side: In her fight to free and get her son to be returned to her, Truth prayed for divine intervention,â€Å"God†¦ show those about me that you are my Helper† (McKissack & McKissack, 1992, p.43). She was aided by Quaker abolitionists and a fair judge ruled justly in her favour. iv. Value of human activity must be evaluated on the basis of social interest. Adler posit that social interest is the natural human condition and that it binds society as a whole. According to Feist & Feist (2006), Adler held that social interest is the only gauge to be used in judging the worth of a person: Healthy individuals â€Å"strives for perfection for all people in an ideal community†¦are genuinely concerned about people and have a goal of success that encompasses the well-being of all people† (p.75 & 77). Sojourner continually spoke against slavery, campaigned for emancipation of slaves, suffrage and equal human rights. She spoke out against mistreatment and injustice in the army, gathered and distributed donations of food and clothing, and helped in military wards and hospitals. In 1864, Truth was recognized for her work and efforts by President Abraham Lincoln at the White House. v. Masculine Protest / Society & Culture Shapes People Adler reasoned that culture and society influenced people to overemphasize the importance of being manly, i.e. masculine protest. Many societies promote the belief that men are superior to women, implicitly implying that women are inferior. However Adler uphold that women have the physiological and psychological needs as men and therefore want â€Å"more or less the same things that men want† (Feist & Feist, 2006, p.85). This echoes feminists’ campaigns for equal rights: political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities. Truth attended the first national (USA) Women’s Rights Convention in 1850, and was inspired as well as motivated to speak and advocate for â€Å"Equality before the law without distinction of sex or colour† (McKissack & McKissack, 1992, p.106). From that time on, she spoke for abolition of slavery and equality for women. In her 1851 speech at the Women’s Rights Convention in Akron,Ohio, Truth challenge gender discrimination, subordination, and dispelled the illusion of woman as the weaker sex. â€Å"†¦That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain’t I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain’t I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man – when I could get it – and bear the lash as well! And ain’t I a woman?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (McKissack & McKissack, 1992, p.112-114) vi. Lifestyle A lifestyle encompasses daily activities erstwhile pursuing one’s goals. According to Hergenhahn (2009), Adler believed that for a lifestyle to be genuinely effective it must contain considerable interest, i.e. working toward a society that would provide a better life for everyone. People with a healthy, socially useful lifestyle express their social interest through action. (Adler described a lifestyle without adequate social interest as a ‘Mistaken Lifestyle’.) According to Feist & Feist (2006), Adler considered three intertwined social issues as fundamental to an effective lifestyle: occupational tasks – choosing and pursuing a career that makes one feel worthwhile; societal tasks – creating friendships and social networks; and love tasks – finding a suitable life-partner. Truth’s lifestyle embodied all of Adler’s identified three social issues: * Occupational tasks: Truth embraced a career to fight for emancipation of slavery and equal rights for women. Besides public-speaking against slavery, Truth also worked to improve living conditions for all. In 1865, at the age of seventy, Truth accepted the task to â€Å"promote order, cleanliness, industry, and virtue among the patients at the Freedman’s Hospital† (McKissack & McKissack, 1992, p.149). * Societal tasks: Regardless when she was a slave or as a free woman, Truth formed relationships which led to social networks of friends, supporters, and even ‘fans’. Her circle of friends included Lucy Stone, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Tubman, John Brown, Richard Allen, John Jay, Frederick Douglass, and many many more equally enlightened beings. * Truth was separated from Robert, her first love who was a slave from another farm, because his slave-master forbade their marriage as children from slave-parents would belong to the slave-mother’s owner. Later Truth married (on orders of her slave-master) Tom, one of the other slaves belonging to the same slave-master. Eventually, they grew to love each other in their own way and shared common respect for each other (McKissack & McKissack, 1992, p.33). viiCreative Power Adler believed that each person possess the power to create their own lifestyle. In line with existentialistic philosophy, Adler agreed that people are ultimately responsible for who they are and their behaviour. People are their â€Å"own architect and can build either a useful or a useless lifestyle† (Feist & Feist, 2006, p.79). The creative power propels each and every one towards a goal, regardless whether in the direction of social interest or not. An individual’s creative power empowers that individual to control their own life – to determine their final goal and strive for that goal, and contributes to development of social interest. Truth’s personality reflected her optimal creative power that helped her manifest an effective lifestyle, successfully overcoming her lamented enslavement and then striving for success for all humans. In Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Truth would be considered an actualized personality. Conclusion Adlerians maintain that people are naturally positive and goal-oriented. He also posited that mentally healthy people strive for societal success for all humans. In analysis of Sojourner Truth’s personality, it is found that Truth explicitly actualized Adler’s Individual Psychology: Truth manifested her creative power to strive for success (for all humans), thereby lived an effective (valued) lifestyle which embodied social interests and dispelled implicit inferiority of being a former slave, black, and a woman, with a staunch belief that divine power (God) guided and helped her throughout her life. References Feist, J., & Feist, G.J. (2006). Theories of Personality (6th ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Asia. Friedman, H.S., & Schustack, M.W. (2011). Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology (6th ed.). Belmont, CA.: Wadsworth Liebert, R., Liebert, L. (1998). Liebert & Liebert; Spiegler’s Personality Strategies and Issues (8th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA.: Brooks/Cole. McKissack, P.C.,& McKissack, F.(1992). Sojourner Truth: Ain’t I a Woman? New York: Scholastic.

7 Graphic Design Secrets Every Non-Designer Should Know

7 Graphic Design Secrets Every Non-Designer Should Know Whether youre designing a website, a flyer, or an invitation to a birthday party, there will likely come a time when youll need to know some of the basics of graphic designing to make your design visually appealing. Regardless of the software you use, odds are that youll be faced with a seemingly infinite number of fonts, clip art, colors and design elements that could potentially be used on your canvas. Its enough to make even the most creative non-designer overwhelmed!Some people are naturally gifted in knowing what placement and elements look best on a design project. For the rest of us, however, having an eye for design can take years of practice to develop. Thats why weve put together a list of tips from graphic design experts on the basics of design and ways to ensure that your project comes together exactly the way you envisioned it in your mind before you began- or maybe even better.1. Keep it in the (font) familyA common mistake non-designers make when designing an invitatio n, sign, advertisement, web page, etc., is to include several different fonts. In addition to making your text harder to read, using too many fonts makes your design look unprofessional, cluttered and generally unappealing to the eye.As with any field, youll find varying advice, but graphic design experts tend to agree that you should limit your typeface to one font- two at most, and that could be pushing it. When you are selecting the typeface for your project, if you must use two different fonts, be sure to keep the fonts within the same font family so that they are similar in appearance. This goes for titles, headings, subheadings and paragraphs. Instead of using a different font for emphasis, increase the size of the lettering to make a certain word or phrase stand out from the rest. This simple change in scale is all the emphasis (or de-emphasis) youll need.2. Understand that your fonts speak volumesWhile we are discussing fonts, lets talk about which fonts to use. Its importan t to understand that the fonts you choose affect the overall message of the design. For example, rounded fonts evoke a friendly, happy feeling while fonts with multiple sharp edges have a stronger, more aggressive feel. In graphic design for marketing, if the service or product being sold is luxurious, the designer might consider using cursive fonts. Basically, choosing the right font involves choosing a font that reflects the message and feel of your overall design.The design experts at Canva, a web-based design program, provide the following analogy to demonstrate the importance of font choice:Designers (including Erik Spiekermann, Dan Mayer, and Jessica Hische) have been known to compare choosing fonts for design projects to choosing an outfit to wear. And its an apt analogy. Think about what your clothes might say about you: based on what you wear, people might rightly or wrongly make assumptions about your style, your personality, your socio-economic background, your age (or th e age you wish you were), or the kind of impression you want to make. And different occasions and situations call for different apparel. You wouldnt wear a bathing suit to a job interview; then again, you wouldnt want to wear a suit and tie during your vacation on the beach either. Theres an element of appropriateness to consider.Canva3. Use scale and color for impactRemember when we discussed fonts and how to increase or decrease the scale of them for emphasis? The same holds true for any of the elements within your design. The best way to create impact in your message is to pay special attention to the scale and color of your text and its surrounding icons or photos. Poppie Pack, senior graphic designer for Canva, explains it like this:The size you apply to your type will also create typographic hierarchy, determining the order that your text is read. The colors you use for your text will also create hierarchy. Make sure you apply the strongest colors to the content you want read first. Try reducing the less significant text and increasing its letter spacing. This will fill space as well as creating flush lines.Poppie Pack4. Give each element its spaceOvercrowding images and text is another common mistake many non-designers make. And with all of the choices given in design programs, its an easy thing to do if youre not paying attention. Giving each element a little space to breathe (so to speak) will do wonders in making your design look more professional and easier to read.This is especially true with text. Dont crowd text too closely to make it fit. If youre limited on space and there is no way you can cut words in the text, make the font smaller instead of large and spaced too closely. The human eye cant read crowded text easily and needs to see space around elements (text or images) in order to distinguish the separation of the elements.You can look at a magazine or newspaper to see this in practice- the negative space in the margins and the spacing of t he text are fundamental in ensuring that the page is easy to read and pleasing to the eye. Well discuss more about whitespace (otherwise known as negative space) in tip #7.5. Simplicity is bestLeonardo Da Vinci, the famed painter, sculptor and inventor, once wrote that Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication. Ask any professional graphic designer and they are likely to tell you that the simple designs are usually the hardest to create. In fact, at the heart of great graphic design is simplicity.This goes for your images as well as the text youve placed within the design. If there is an element or word that doesnt have to be there, take it out. If your message is short and simple, it is more likely to be read and draw attention.6. Use contrasting colorsContrasting colors stand out and capture attention, so light text against a dark background, or alternately dark text against a light background is a good rule to follow. This can be difficult if you are using a photo as your backgro und and the photo has different colors or shades on it, but you can still find contrast by limiting the text to one area on the photograph. Another way to handle this is to create a translucent overlay to achieve contrast. Most photo editing software like PhotoShop can create this effect easily.7. White space is your friendAgain, consider Apples branding and their use of empty space to draw the eyes attention to their famous logo. Keep in mind that the negative space doesnt need to be literally white but empty space on your canvas is a good thing, so dont feel the need to fill it all with icons or text. The more stuff you put on your design, the less powerful it will be. Sometimes, this requires moving different elements around on your canvas to find the best way to create the space. However, as you do this, youll notice how different elements will draw your attention more based on where the empty space is.Also, reducing font or icon size to allow more space between lines of text al lows for that text to stand out more and catch the eye. This same idea holds true if you have a lot of text and need to put it in columns. The more whitespace you can put between the columns, the better. This is often just a process of narrowing the columns.Anna Guerrero explains it this way:As easy as it can be to over-design, it is important to avoid needless clutter. White space funnels your eye towards the content and allows your message to stand out. Clarity doesnt mean boring design; rather a strong design will speak for itself rather grabbing for the audiences attention. Consider Apples branding and advertising. It utilizes large areas of white space to communicate a sense of simplicity and to reflect the user-friendliness of its products. Books and magazines are a great example of the importance of white space. The margin- the blank area between the text and the edge of the page- makes reading dense copy much easier.Anna GuerreroReady to design?Obviously, you dont have to be a professional graphic designer to make your design project look great. If you pay attention to these seven concepts, its likely that no one will even know a non-designer created it!

Free Essays on Memory

Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. A repressed memory is one that is retained in the sub conscious mind, where one is not aware of it but where it can still affect both conscious thoughts and behavior. When memory is distorted or confabulated, the result can be what has been called the False Memory Syndrome: a condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships are entered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly believes. Note that the syndrome is not characterized by false memories as such. We all have memories that are inaccurate. Rather, the syndrome may be diagnosed when the memory is so deeply ingrained that it orients the individual's entire personality and lifestyle, in turn disrupting all sorts of other adaptive behaviors. The analogy to personality disorder is intentional. False memory syndrome is especially destructive because the person assiduously avoids confrontation with any evidence that might challenge the memory. Thus it takes on a life of its own, encapsulated and resistant to correction. The person may become so focused on the memory that he or she may be effectively distracted from coping with real problems in his or her life. John F. Kihlstrom, Ph.D. There are many models which try to explain how memory works. Nevertheless, we do not know exactly how memory works. One of the most questionable models of memory is the one which assumes that every experience a person has had is 'recorded' in memory and that some of these memories are of traumatic events too terrible to want to remember. These terrible memories are locked away in the sub conscious mind, i.e. repressed, only to be remembered in adulthood when some triggering event opens the door to the unconscious. And, both before and after the repressed memory is remembered, it causes p... Free Essays on Memory Free Essays on Memory Memory One of the most important things that involves the brain. Without memory you would not know how to move, eat, or do any of life’s essentials. If I did not have memory then I would have not remembered to do this paper or how to type it. Think about it, memory is essential to your life. Memory is the ability to remember something that has been learned or experienced (Psychology Book). Memory also refers to the brain's ability to store information. Memory is a vital part of the learning process, without it, learning would be impossible. If your brain did not record anything from the past then you would be unable to learn anything new. All your experiences would be lost as soon as they ended, and each new situation would be unfamiliar. Without memory, you would repeatedly have the same experiences for the "first time."(Grolier Encyclopedia). Psychologists divide a person's memory system into three types, each of which has a different time span. These types are called sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds information for only a second or two. Suppose you look at a picture of a mountain. A nearly exact image of the mountain is stored briefly in your visual sensory memory, which involves your eyes and parts of your brain. However, the image quickly fades and disappears unless you make an active effort to think about it. Short-term memory contains what you actively think about at any particular time. It can hold a fact for as long as you think about it. You use short-term memory when you look up a telephone number and repeat it to yourself until you dial it. Unless you continually repeat this information to yourself, it will fade after about 20 to 30 seconds. Long-term memory can store facts, ideas, and experiences after you stop thinking about them. All conscious processing of informationsuch as when you think or when you solve problemsinvolves short-term memory working together w... Free Essays on Memory Memory has been an ongoing topic for study throughout the years. How and why we remember certain pieces of information has led to decades of research and investigation. Studies conducted in recent years have explored the interests of college students. The article, What Aspects of Their Memories Do College Students Most Want to Improve?, discusses the results of these studies in order to answer that question. The author of the article, Kenneth L. Higbee, initially conducted a study to learn what aspects of memory are important to people. A general audience of people attending a memory-improvement seminar responded to an open-ended question. That question was, â€Å"What aspects of memory do you most want to improve?† Another group was then given a survey based on the responses of the first group. It was found that the most important aspect of memory was remembering people’s names. The purpose of Higbee’s research was to compare the results of that first study (conducted among a general audience) to two other linked studies, which dealt with responses of college students. In a pilot study, 41 college students from a memory skills class were asked the question, â€Å"What are the main benefits you hope to get from taking a memory-improvement class?† The students’ responses were tallied and placed into four main categories. The categories were as follows: 1. Schoolwork : 51% 2. People’s names and faces: 24% 3. Everyday tasks: 15% 4. What I read: 10% It was found that no substantial differences existed between males and females, low-GPA and high-GPA students or among years in school. An additional study was then conducted to more deeply explore what aspects of memory college students most want to improve. Like the other study, the participants were college students enrolled in a memory skills class. Mr. Higbee was the teacher of this class. 36 students participated, including 23 males and 13 ... Free Essays on Memory Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. A repressed memory is one that is retained in the sub conscious mind, where one is not aware of it but where it can still affect both conscious thoughts and behavior. When memory is distorted or confabulated, the result can be what has been called the False Memory Syndrome: a condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships are entered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly believes. Note that the syndrome is not characterized by false memories as such. We all have memories that are inaccurate. Rather, the syndrome may be diagnosed when the memory is so deeply ingrained that it orients the individual's entire personality and lifestyle, in turn disrupting all sorts of other adaptive behaviors. The analogy to personality disorder is intentional. False memory syndrome is especially destructive because the person assiduously avoids confrontation with any evidence that might challenge the memory. Thus it takes on a life of its own, encapsulated and resistant to correction. The person may become so focused on the memory that he or she may be effectively distracted from coping with real problems in his or her life. John F. Kihlstrom, Ph.D. There are many models which try to explain how memory works. Nevertheless, we do not know exactly how memory works. One of the most questionable models of memory is the one which assumes that every experience a person has had is 'recorded' in memory and that some of these memories are of traumatic events too terrible to want to remember. These terrible memories are locked away in the sub conscious mind, i.e. repressed, only to be remembered in adulthood when some triggering event opens the door to the unconscious. And, both before and after the repressed memory is remembered, it causes p...

Golf - 30 minutes practice plan for youth age 10 to 14 Case Study

Golf - 30 minutes practice plan for youth age 10 to 14 - Case Study Example Following this further, they are also concerned with the hypothetical, future along with ideological problems. Children who are between the ages 11-14 years old for boys and 10-13 years for girls have the following characteristics and skills including being rebellious in nature., the children find the sense of whom they are, development of a sense of self identity. From age 8 to14 years, the child becomes healthier, stronger and becomes more intellectual alert and derives imagination from what makes sense not what seems not make sense (Lillard, 24). At this stage, the child becomes more industrious and more aware of more than just the environment around him/her at this point he understands and differentiates sex groups male or female. At this stage the child attaches learning to an intellectual capacity, learning from people and books far from observation. At this stage of growth supervision becomes more prioritized, and rules should be set for proper moulding. This period is termed as the most crucial phase for the development of physical and psychological traits (Montessori, 32). Research has indicated that it is during childhood that most people are best at learning the physical skills. Long Term Player Development is defined by as (Lashley 23) as a systematic approach of developing and maximizing a participant’s potential and involvement in sport. The LTPD framework is aimed at defining optimal training and competition, as well as recovery throughout the athlete’s career. This enables them to attain their full potential and also increasing lifelong participation in physical activities such as golf, especially during their critical early years of their development (11-14 years old for boys and 10-13 years for girls). At this age of life, the child becomes healthier, stronger and becomes more intellectual alert and derives imagination from what makes sense not what seems not make

Create a Situation Analysis of a Company I Want to Work for Essay

Create a Situation Analysis of a Company I Want to Work for - Essay Example To make their customers satisfied Humana differentiates its product by conducting ethnographic research. Humana provides various programs for their customers and takes complete advantage of the customers’ understanding. In the insurance market, Humana has a number of strong competitors such as Atena and Signa. As the health industry market is in growth stage, Humana tries innovation of new products which is the biggest strength of the company. The good business practices and strategies have made Humana one of the biggest players in the healthcare industry. Situation Analysis of Humana About Humana Humana is one of the top health care providing companies of the US. Unlike other companies, Humana considers it as a challenge to meet consumer expectations of reliability and personalization. Humana deals with health insurance products and health plans. Humana’s products and services are all customer centric. The customers always hope that the company understands their needs. Humana’s ‘customer service representatives’ have the capability to understand the enquiries of the customers and can provide appropriate solutions to them. Humana’s service model is designed in such a way that it can identify the specific needs of the customers. The reason is that the insurer needs to appeal exclusively to individual customers. The uniqueness in product and service appears when customers have good interaction with the company and they can experience something innovative which cannot be found in other company. The differentiation makes the customers feel that the company understands them and their problems. Through providing innovative and exclusive perspectives on health and benefits to customers, Humana has succeeded to accomplish its objectives. To successfully manage the healthcare, develop budget plan, and maintain health expenses, Humana conduct ethnographic research. Humana seeks to provide its employees the appropriate information which is needed for making the above decisions. The career in Humana is based on four principles which are consolidation, personalization, distillation and actionability. To provide good product Humana positions a prototype before introducing the end product in the market (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, â€Å"Insurance and Technology†). Understanding the Customer Humana provides flexibility, appropriate pricing and superior value for their customers. The managers and agents are the essential part for the success of Humana. Humana respects their job which they perform for the customers and continuously tries to make it simple for the customers to engage with the company. With regard to heath insurance product, Humana recognizes the needs of customers and develops customer centric plans. Its services include commercial products; self funded services and individual products. Humana conducts various programs for customers such as specialty benefit, supplemental and behavior al health program, professional life plan and wellness programs. Humana follows user centric strategy. It tries to maximize the customers’ experience by observing their actions not just their requirements. The end–user involvement is quite vital because it can provide in-depth

Author Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Author Study - Essay Example That’s what it does best. I write for the emotional experience of it, for me as the writer and for the reader† (Toffoli, 2010). It’s a well-known fact that Udall’s works are greatly influenced by R.Bass, B.Hannah and M.Twain, which is to say, by representatives of both Eastern and Western schools of writing. It has already been a tradition that Udall is frequently compared to John Winslow Irwing for the reason of some curious common writing peculiarities. That is exactly the fact which contributes to the striking singularity of his works. Udall’s last world-renowned novel â€Å"The Lonely Polygamist† is beyond no doubt a completely unorthodox one. He tells us a story that is constantly unsettling our expectations, heightening both emotions, having the sour and the sweet simultaneously, being written in extremely unconventional naturalistic style, a truly fascinating and thrilling formula. Another rate unorthodox method Udall tends to use is animal reflection. In all he writes, Udall tends to use animals in some way or another. This is how animals appear in Udall’s works; there may be a protagonist with a pet vulture, for instance. This might appear either in symbolic way, or, typical of Udall’ style, in a funny one. Udall just tends not to look at animals in the same way the reader looks at humans. â€Å"They can accept and absorb our hopes and fears in a way that humans cant† (Owens, 2010). As known, Brady Udall attended the Iowa Writers Workshop at the University of Iowa. He spent two years there before writing his very first collection of short stories. Udall himself thinks that only two conditions must be provided in order for anyone to become a good writer: the time and the means to write. Interesting to admit: while talking about advices for aspiring writers he notes â€Å"Don’t worry what your mother, your classmate, your neighbor, your spouse, or anyone else thinks about what you write†, which sounds rather funny compared to what he

Three Kinds of Books to Read Essay Example for Free

Three Kinds of Books to Read Essay Im an avid reader and I have found the most interesting books fall within three categories. The categories are fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. I have read books in all of these categories and although Im not an expert, I will explain the differences of these categories. Nonfiction is probably my favorite category, because while reading these books the reader is reliving something that happened to someone or an event that happened somewhere. These books are based on true facts, being about an event or about an individual persons life, or the life of a family. The reader can get the feeling that they know these people or were there during the event by reading the facts. They can also get to know how someone used to think by reading the thoughts of the people in the book during the events in that persons life. The author takes the story to places and events that actually exist and happened. The reader not only learns about individual people, but also about the differences in time lines, for example what a specific place was like in the 1900s and what it is like in the 2000s. The reader can learn about the difference in ethics between different countries, and about the eating habits in different countries. The reader can learn the difference between how styles have changed from years gone by and now. The reader can also learn how the style in houses has changed and even the differences in what types of plants were planted most commonly years ago and now. These types of stories can give the reader an idea of what it would be like to live in a different time or place. There are many different things that can be learned by reading this type of book, and many subjects that fall under this topic (nonfiction) from autobiographies to the history of a country. Fiction is another very interesting type of book to read. When reading a fiction book, the reader can let their imagination run to the fullest extent possible. The reader can take the writers words and put their own images to the story. Each reader makes the story their own when doing this, two people can read the same story and have two completely different ideas on what the writer had pictured when writing that story. With fiction, the reader knows  when they start reading, that the facts in the book are not real. The story can range anywhere from a thousand years ago to a thousand years in the future. The story can be about witches or warlocks, dragons and demons or about underwater countries. The reader can fly the skies on the back of a fire-breathing dragon, while being chased by a warlock, only to end up fighting with magic to save the world. The writer can take the reader into a love affair between a couple that has everything against them or that is being torn apart by friends and family. The writer can take the reader on a ship across a continent during raging storms, while the occupants hearts are waging their own storms inside the ship. The story can take the reader to worlds that do not exist and still give the impression that they are real and that the reader has just visited that place. With fiction the main idea is that there are no rules on what can be written about, the only thing holding a writer back with this type of book is the writers own imagination. Poetry is probably one of the most interesting and one of the hardest books to read and understand. Many people think that they cannot read and understand poetry. Reading poetry is not like reading a magazine or the newspaper, but it is easy enough to learn how to read and understand the meaning of most poetry. Poetry is the writer sharing a private part of him/herself, giving of the soul to the reader. The individual writer can be using past experience or just the imagination of what they wished could have happened or would happen in the future. Poetry is sometimes the hardest to read because it does come from the soul, it is a bearing of the soul to others, showing the inner most private thoughts and feelings. Reading poetry can make the reader feel the exact emotion that was being felt when the writer put his pen to paper and wrote the poem, or when whatever was being wrote about really happened. Poetry can give a feeling of happiness just by reading it; it can make a person cry, or know that there really is true love in this world of ours. Some poetry can be scary to read when it is about suicide, a suicide attempt, or the abuse of a child. It can also make you look at yourself as a person and what you have done to make the world around you a better place. Poetry can show you the beauty of a place, without you going to that place on your own; it can give you a feeling of calm and peace. Poetry is a wonderful thing to read, it is a sharing of two people  that have never met before. So as you can see, there are different types of books that show you different things in their own ways. You can read about the true-life stories of a person or get to know one of the first presidents. You can ride the skies on a white carpet while fighting evil demons, or you can sit and feel the feelings of a person that wrote about losing a true love. Whatever your tastes in books are they will pretty much fall within one of these categories. Regardless of what you like to read, just read and get everything that you can out of each and every book that comes across your hands.

Analysis of Ferrous Ferrite (Fe3O4)

Analysis of Ferrous Ferrite (Fe3O4) 1.1 INTRODUCTION: The naturally occurring ferrite is the ferrous ferrite (Fe3O4) as â€Å"Load stone†. In early days it was called as ferromagnetic material. L.Neel, tells us that these materials are â€Å"ferromagnetic† material due to uncompensated anti parallel spin arrangement. Due to interesting intrinsic properties magnetic materials are classified into Ferromagnetic materials, Ferrites. In last decades , in the field of the ferrites expensive development was done by many contributors and found to be technically, commercially useful magnetic material. These materials are at high frequencies, high electrical resistivity of magnetic temperature coefficient of resistance along with low magnetic loss. Basically, Ferrous ferrite (Fe3O4) consist double oxides FeO and Fe2O3 . The properties of these materials are alter by substituting divalent iron ion by divalent cation like Cd2+,Mg2+,Ni2+,Zn2+,Cu2+,Co2+ etc. from transition element. The spinel ferrites are represented as MFe2O4, where M is divalent cations. The magnetic properties are significantly improved by substituting trivalent iron ion by Al3+,Cr3+,Mn4+, Ti4+,Sn4+, Gd3+,Nd3+ etc. for particular applications because of their interesting magnetic and electrical properties with chemical and thermal stabilities[Gadkari A.B et.al. (2010)]. The applications of these materials in fields like electrical components, memory devices, microwave devices telecommunications, electronic industries, dada storage, data processing due to its high resistivity and low power losses. [Ernst Schloeman et al. (2000)] Ferrites are of two type’s,one is hard ferrite and other is soft ferrite. The material which are easily magnetized and demagnetized, it is called soft magnetic material .That means, it can store or transfer magnetic energy in alternating or other changing wave forms. The ferromagnetic materials like iron, nickel, cobalt and some of the rare earths materials shows a unique magnetic behavior. All the magnetic moments of the individual ions or atoms are aligned parallel to some particular direction and the unpaired electron spins line up parallel with each other in the ferromagnetic material. The region in which magnetic dipoles align parallel to each other is called a domain. The structural properties of ferrite are very important. The structural properties of ferrites mainly depends on the manufacturing process of ferrite[Mangalaraja R.V. et al. (2003)]. In fundamental science, magnetic spinel ferrites are of great importance. They are useful especially for find out the fundamental relationship between magnetic properties and their crystalchemistry and structure [ Kalonji G.et.al.(1999)]. They find extensive applications in microwave devices, radar, digital recording, ferrofluids, catalysis and magnetic refrigeration systems [Horvath M.P. et.al. (2007)]. For the spinel ferrite the general formula is AB2O4and it is consisting of an almost perfect cubic closed packed oxygen arrangement, with the cations residing on tetrahedral and octahedralinterstices. Nowadays, magnetic materials are used in various fields. The soft magnetic materials can be attracted to a permanent magnet and the hard magnetic materials become a permanent magnet. In case of soft magnetic materials, the large magnetic fields cannot be generated to the outside but in hard magnetic materials it generates magnetic fields. The magnetic materials like iron, cobalt and nickel ordinarily reveal prominent magnetic property. In industry, the ferromagnetic materials are widely used. In case of metal and alloy magnetic materials, due to their lower electrical resistivity the initial permeability and magnetic flux density is high and loss in eddy current is large at high frequencies. Nowadays, high-frequency characteristics are more useful, so this is occurred in ferrites which is multiplying the thin films. Due to higher electrical resistivity, the soft ferrites has excellent characteristics at high frequency. They are abundantly used for inductors or core materials of trans former. The hard ferrite is also used abundantly as permanent magnets for speakers and motors. The soft ferrite is used into an alternating magnetic field. Ferrites are chemical compounds. They are composed of a ceramic material along with iron oxide as their main component. The magnetic property of the ferrite is due the structure and the arrangement of the ions in the sub lattice. 1.2 SPINEL COMPOUNDS The word spinel which is derived from Italian spinella, diminutive of spine, thorn (from its sharply pointed crystals). In the cubic system, Spinel crystallizes forming octahedral crystals. In spinel super group there are at least 30 oxide minerals included. The majority of spinel compounds belongs to the space group Fd3m. The formula for the principal member of the group has, AB2O4; out of which ‘A’ is a divalent metal ion such as magnesium, iron, nickel, manganese and zinc. The ‘B’ is trivalent metal ions such as aluminium, iron, chromium and/or manganese. Also, titanium Ti4+ and Pb2+ etc. may occupy this site. The solid solutioning which is common process in this group of minerals that means they may contain certain percentages of different ions in any particular specimen [Adams, D. M (1974)]. The oxygen ions are mostly larger than the metallic ions and the spinel structure can be formed by a cubic close packing of O2- ions, in most oxide structures in wh ich the cations (e.g. Co2+, Fe3+) occupy certain interstices. So, the structure of a spinel compound and the highly symmetric structure of diamond is same. The position of the A ions and the positions of carbon atoms occupied in the diamond structure is identical. In this group this could discuss the relatively high hardness and high density. The arrangement in the structure of the other ions shows the symmetry just like diamond structure. This arrangement of the ions verifies the octahedral crystal structure which is the predominant crystal form and also the trademark of the spinels. Now a day, there are well over a hundred compounds are reported of the spinel structure. Most of them are oxides, sulphides, selenides and tellurides and some are halides. There are different cations may be introduced into the spinel structure and several charge combinations are possible, therefore, almost any combination that added and balances eight positive charges of anionic charges [Smyth,D.M.(200 0)],for example Co2+Fe23+O4, Mg22+Ti4+O4, Li1+Al3+Ti4+O4, Li0.51+Al2.53+O4 and Na21+W6+O4, etc. In oxide spinels, there are two types of cations which do not differ in size greatly because the spinel structure is stable only when the cations are rather medium sized and also the radii of the different ionic species in the same compound must be nearly equal. Therefore, similar cation combinations occur in sulphides, e.g. Zn2+Al23+S4 and Cu22+Sn4+S4. Hence, in halide spinels e.g. Li21+Ni3+F4 and Li1+Mn23+/ 4+F4 in which cations are limited to charges of plus 1 and plus 2, give an overall cation: anion ratio of 3 as 4. Most spinels divided into three series determined by a B metal represent aluminate series with Al3+ (Hercynite, Gahnite, Galaxite); a magnetite series with Fe3+ (Magnetite,Magnesioferrite, Franklinite); the chromite series with Cr3+ (Chromite, Magnesiochromite). There is extensive cationic exchange (solid solution) within each series but very little between the series [King, R. J (2004)]. These spinels are classified on the basis of the distribution of cations in the two principal sites which are tetrahedral site (T-) and octahedral site (O-) [West, A. R. (1989)], into three types. 1.2.1 NORMAL SPINEL In normal spinel A (BB) O4, all the divalent (A) cations placed on the tetrahedral (T-) sites and the trivalent (B) cations present on the octahedral (O-) sites. Which can be shown by the formula [A]tet [B2]oct O4. The examples of normal spinel are MgO.Al2O3 = MgAl2O4 (normal, parent mineral) ZnO.Fe2O3 = ZnFe2O4 (normal) FeO.Al2O3 = FeAl2O4 (normal) CoO.Al2O3 = CoAl2O4 (normal) MnO.Al2O3 = MnAl2O4 (normal) NiO.Al2O3 = NiAl2O4 - (normal) 1.2.2 INVERSE SPINEL The inverse spinel, B (AB) O4, the divalent cations occupying on the O-sites and the trivalent cations which are equally divided among the T- and remaining other on O-sites. Which can be represented by formula, [B]tet [A, B]oct O4. The CoFe2O4 is conformably an inverse spinel with a formula; CoxFe1-x (Co1-xFe1+x) O4(with x 0) where x represents the cation distribution factor which discuss the fraction of tetrahedral sites occupied by Co2+ cations [Guire, M. R.D (1989)]. CoO.Fe2O3 = FeCoFeO4 (inverse) NiO.Fe2O3 = FeNiFeO4 - (inverse) MgO.Fe2O3 = FeMgFeO4 (inverse) 1.2.3 RANDOM SPINEL It has an intermediate cation distribution, represented as [B0.67 A0.33]tet [A0.67B1.33]octO4. In this elementary unit cell of spinel structure consists eight tetrahedral and sixteen octahedral sites which are occupied by metal ions and the extreme cases, represent completely normal and inverse spinel, Therefore, the general cation distribution can be represented as [ M(2)iq+M(1)1-ip+]AIV [M(1)p+i/2 M(2)(2-i)/2q+]2BvI O4 where M+(1)p+ and M(2)q+ are the minority and majority cations respectively. Hence, the first quantity in brackets shows the average occupancy of A-sites (coordination number of four (IV)) and the second quantity in brackets shows the average occupancy of B-sites (coordination number of six (VI)). The inversion parameter ÃŽ ³, shows the fraction of A-sites acquired by majority ions.